How are runways typically numbered?

Runways are numbered according to their compass bearing, which is rounded to the nearest ten degrees. This system allows for a clear and standardized method of identifying runways. For example, a runway that has a compass bearing of 90 degrees (east) will be numbered as Runway 9, and one that is aligned at 270 degrees (west) will be designated as Runway 27. This method is crucial for pilots and air traffic control to accurately communicate and understand runway designations, especially in busy or complex airspaces.

The other options do not accurately reflect the standardized practices of runway numbering. Distance from the origin does not play a role in runway designation, as runways are not numbered by their physical distance from a point. Sequencing runways by their construction date would lead to confusion, as it does not provide any operational utility or clarity for navigation. Lastly, the number of aircraft that use a runway is irrelevant to its designation; runway numbers are based solely on orientation, not usage statistics.